electrical conductivity of propylene glycol water mixture

Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA [19] obtained viscosity enhancement of 80% for midel oil based ND nanofluids at 3.0wt.%. Measuring glycol concentrations by electrical conductivity is not recommended, especially in process systems, heat exchangers, etc. The quality of The starting product, MICRONAL 5428 X, which contains about 43% microencapsulated paraffin with a transformation temperature of 28 If you want to reproduce the whole article The relative electrical conductivity of -SiC NFs and model predictions determined at 298.15 K are compared as illustrated in Fig. Because dissolved salts and other inorganic chemicals conduct electrical current, conductivity increases as salinity increases. The preparation and properties of hybrid nanofluids containing diamond nanoparticles are analyzed and discussed in detail, and a list of potential uses for these enhanced heat transfer fluids in industrial and commercial applications is provided and deliberated. WebElectrical Conductivity ( S/cm) 55% Propylene Glycol + 45% DI Water + 0.1% Benzotriazole + 0.05% Nanoparticles (Mix# 2) 55% Propylene Glycol + 45% DI Water + 0.1% Benzotriazole + 0.025% Nanoparticles (Mix# 2) Electrical Conductivity vs. Time for the Coolant Formulations in a 1 L Dynamic Test Loop at 70oC 11 From the IR spectra, the UDD powders contain some functional groups of H, OH, COOH were clearly observed but the intensity is very low (black line). A sawing test and a simulation were carried out to analyze the sawing trajectory, the surface topography of the segments and the percentage of worn diamond particles. The other chemicals such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3), sodium chloride (NaCl), sucrose (C12H22O11) and propylene glycol (C3H8O2) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals, USA. [20] obtained thermal conductivity enhancement of 17.23% for ND/EG nanofluid at 1.0vol.% at a temperature of 30C. 40-48, Applied Thermal Engineering, Volume 90, 2015, pp. FPx[[cu/Ajl22jw+x{5DD93o9$C y6q`xTu/~:'KY'Nf700zGRb9 cyI/ dk'Cw JO|i%H_o]*2?h1tz{]uhD5:h;)[.2sQvW |ZHcv7Qcr9]Ee5c w?a%2b5XATC3{d^Tzt h-!T`EH|}'EPj:]vRFl_/ uoDG0x5zUK;EI[".WzVkE=*j\2U]O sh`5 Future research should focus on enhancing the dispersion stability of BNNB nanofluids and exploring the influence of BNNB morphology on the thermal conductivity and other thermophysical properties of nanofluids. [27] analysis.knfkbf=1+Cknfbf=1+Cwhere, is the volume concentration, Ck and C are the thermal conductivity and viscosity enhancement coefficients. The functional groups on the treated UDD powders were analyzed by FTIR. The preparation of ND based nanofluids and their thermal properties are given below. Yeganeh et al. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission, C, respectively compared to their respective base fluids. At 1.0vol%, the thermal conductivity enhancements of 12.7% and 22.8%, at 1.0vol%, the viscosity enhancements of 1.57-times and 1.8-times were observed at temperatures of 293K and 333K compared to water data. Conjugate heat transfer was found to reduce the Nusselt number which agrees with the literature, this also resulted in a Peclet number dependent Nusselt number. Based on the results, the thermal conductivity enhancements are 18.8%, 16.8% and 14.1% at 1.0 vol.% of 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% PG/W based nanofluids. You do not have JavaScript enabled. The earlier works reveal the preparation, estimation of thermal conductivity and viscosity of water, ethylene glycol, mineral oil and midel oil based ND nanofluids. The low freezing point of water (below 0C) may be achieved by adding different ratios of ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, so that the EG/W or PG/W fluid can operate up to 50C without any difficult [22]. The statistical and graphical results showed that the proposed models are more precise and reliable than the existing ones in literature. The density, isobaric heat capacity, and thermal conductivity of the nanofluids are determined by the oscillating U-tube, differential scanning calorimetry, and transient hot wire methods, respectively. This study recommends that the volume concentration of Fe3O4/60:40%W+EG nanofluid should not exceed volume concentration of 1.0% because the added benefit of working with concentrations higher than 1.0vol% may not outweigh the added cost and complexities of the nanofluid. The present findings are consistent with those of Palabiyik et al. The thermal performance of the internal heat transfer fluid was an important factor affecting the heat transfer efficiency of the exchanger system. 0000113197 00000 n Copyright Clearance Center request page. The viscosity of N-CQDs nanofluid behaves as a Newtonian fluid. 1123-1135, Experimental thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanodiamond-based propylene glycol and water mixtures, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2016.07.007, nm can be produced in large quantity by using commercially available ultra-dispersed diamond (UDD) powders. Our results indicate that the surfactant-free, ZnOPG nanofluids behave like liquid coolants but with improved thermal conductivity and specific heat and hence suitable for energy management. The propylene glycol/water mixtures at different weight ratios were used as base fluids for the preparation of stable ND nanofluids. * The proportion of micro-fractured and good diamonds in the new frame saw machine are 45% and 25%, respectively, and the productivity of the new machine is between 6 and 15m2/h. A shell and helically coil heat exchanger (SCHE) is used to experimentally investigate the performance of 60% water and 40% ethylene glycol mixture based Fe3O4 nanofluid as a coolant. and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. After cycling at 25 and 80 C, LiGe alloy was formed at the Li/LAGP interface as investigated by synchrotron high energy X-ray Diffraction (HEXRD) spectra (Figure 3b ). 8 . WebPropylene glycol is a colourless liquid that is relatively viscous, has no odour, and tastes slightly sweet. [34], in which the nanofluids prepared in pure PG have lower thermal conductivity enhancement than that of. This paper presents results of experimental investigation into dielectric properties of silicon oxide lignin (SiO 2-L) particles dispersed with various mass fractions in ethylene glycol (EG).Measurements were conducted at a controlled temperature, which was changed from 298.15 to 333.15 K with an accuracy of 0.5 and 0.2 K for dielectric Prediction of electrical conductivity of TiO 2 water and ethylene glycol-based nanofluids for cooling application in low temperature PEM fuel cells. Results showed that ND nanofluids achieved higher heat transfer coefficients than the base fluid. Results show, at 1.0vol% and the Reynolds number of 2702, the heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number is increased by 36.05%, and 27.47%, respectively, over the base fluid. This paper reviews and summarizes the experimental values of the physical and thermal properties, including an appropriate focus on the thermal conductivity enhancement, of nanodiamond-nanofluid systems found in the literature as well as different techniques for thermal conductivity measurement. WebUsing the results for propylene glycol/water with corrosion inhibitor and nanoparticles, for over 3,000 hours of operation, the conductivity of the solution would have gone up to about 27 mS/cm-hr. Appl. An investigation has been undertaken into the stone processing machines. The results show that the contact area between the blade and granite is not following a straight line, and the time required for stone sawing is only one half of the full sawing cycle. The Prasher et al. Prasher et al. However, those results have not been collectively compared or discussed. In the heat exchanger, the hot fluid passes through the shell side and the cold fluid (nanofluid) passes through the helical coil side. The earlier works reveals the preparation, estimation of thermal conductivity and viscosity of EG/W mixture based Al2O3, CuO, ZnO and Fe3O4 nanofluids. In addition, the models for estimating the viscosity and thermal conductivity of N-CQDs nanofluids are proposed, respectively. The GMDH model showed a better performance compared to GEP, and could predict all data with an average absolute relative error of 2.27% in training and 2.44% in testing data set. startxref Interactions between spherical and sheet-like nanoparticles explain this behaviour. However, the penalty in friction factor and pressure drop is 17.28% and 14.24% under the same Reynolds number and 1.0vol% nanofluid over the base fluid. Jee and Lee [11] used strong acids of H2SO4 and HNO3 in the molar ratio of 3:1 for the purification of UDD powders and observed the removal of carbon impurities. The results showed that BNNBs enhanced thermal conductivity of carrier fluids up to 45%, and the enhancement was proportional to the concentration of BNNBs in the carrier fluid. would like to thank FCT for his post-doctoral research grant: SFRH/BPD/79104/2011. During the preparation of UDD powders, igniter is used in the detonation process which causes metal and carbon impurities and those are aggregates or attached to the outer surface of the ND particles. Since water is seen as the golden standard in thermal conductivity, higher concentrations of ethylene glycol in a water solution will cause heat to pass through it slower, therefore, the lower the amount of ethylene glycol in the mixture, the more efficient it is at conducting heat. Due to the different particle sizes and shapes of nanoparticles, the proposed model can better predict the thermal conductivity and viscosity of N-CQDs nanofluids compared with other empirical models. provided correct acknowledgement is given. The formation of carboxyl (COOH) groups on the surface of nanodiamond was analyzed by FTIR. , DOI: 10.1039/D2NR06332H. <50C [21]. PGI is a colorless, water soluble, hygroscopic liquid with a characteristic glycol odor, medium viscosity, low vapor [12] also used acid mixtures of perchloric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid (based on the procedure of Jang and Xu [13]) for the removal of carbon impurities from the UDD powders and prepared stable ND nanofluids in the base fluid of 55:45% ethylene glycol/water mixture and observed thermal conductivity enhancement of 18% at 2.0vol.%. The frictional exergy destruction is found to contribute together with heat transfer exergy destruction to the total entropy of the SCHE system. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. I always eqip the system with a 2" hose connection with check valve so the contractor can use a pump to fill the system those glycol feeders Vajjha and Das [24] also prepared 60:40% (weight ratio) of EG/W based Al2O3, CuO and ZnO nanofluids and measured thermal conductivity up to 10.0vol.%. This paper investigates the significance of some micro scaling effects in micro-channel absorber plates. model and the Mouromtseff number were used to study the heat transfer capability of ND nanofluid under laminar and turbulent flow conditions. Forced convection experiments were performed on an instrumented metal plate with micro-channels. 0000089466 00000 n The B4C mono nanofluid shows the highest improvements of thermal conductivity (6.0%) and electrical conductivity (70 times higher), but also the highest viscosity increases (5154%). There have been numerous investigations of nanodiamond-nanofluid systems with many suggesting that considerable property enhancements, e.g., increased thermal conductivity, might be possible. The Wilson plot method is used to analyze the helical coil side heat transfer coefficients. Tyler et al. p^h72n* 8pW&.=rfeK&=d_">!f4-6%)|Z>,^R :qz*jn88H1 Z'2P?[-ik,2T0!L The overall heat transfer coefficient and nanofluid-side heat transfer coefficient under constant bath temperature condition were found to increase with increasing nanoparticle volume concentration. The ultra-sonication technique was employed for preparing the mixture and results showed that the stability and thermal conductivity enhancements of Al2O3H2O nanofluids are highly dependent on sonication time and the energy supplied to the fluid for its preparation. New friction factor and Nusselt number equations were created. The effect of BNNB concentration in carrier fluids on nanofluid thermal conductivity was investigated by introducing BNNBs into ethylene glycol-water and propylene glycol-water mixtures at 010 wt%. The specific heat capacity decreases with increasing nanofluid loading. These plates are to be used in a proposed compact (thin and light-weight) solar thermal flat plate collector (FPC). 11 is presented the percentage thermal conductivity enhancement [(knfkbf)/kbf100] for these ratios along with the data with the data of Palabiyik et al. The results are beneficial for the design and operation of micro-channel absorber plates. endstream endobj 181 0 obj<. A binary mixture of propylene glycol and water at 20:80 mass ratio offers protection against freezing up to 265.98 K [13], making it suitable as a heat transfer fluid Correlations for the thermo-physical properties of the nanofluid were developed. [16] prepared 20% of water and 50% of engine oil based ND nanofluids and obtained thermal conductivity enhancement of 25% at 1.0wt.% Taha-Tijerina et al. Ghazvini et al. Similarly, at 1.0vol% and Reynolds number of 2702, the thermal entropy generation is dropped by 38.12%, frictional entropy generation is raised by 12.86%, exergy efficiency is enhanced by 36.48% and thermal performance factor is augmented by 1.2094 times over the base fluid. This study investigates the potential of composite allotrope boron nitride nanobarbs (BNNBs) as nanoparticles for enhancing the thermal conductivity of nanofluids based on mixtures of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol with water. Similarly, the viscosity enhancements are 1.55-times, 1.50-times and 1.66-times for the same 1.0vol.% of 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% PG/W based nanofluids at a temperature of 60C, respectively compared to their respective base fluids. Thermal conductivity of nanoparticle-fluid mixture. The as-obtained LAGP thin film also possessed a high ionic conductivity of 2 10 5 S cm 1 at 25 C and a low electronic conductivity value of 1.1 10 9 S cm 1. The thermal conductivity and viscosity of ND nanofluids were investigated experimentally, whereas the density and specific heat were estimated theoretically. please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. 2023, Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 2023, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2022, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Diamond and Related Materials, Volume 69, 2016, pp. Hybrid nanofluids aim to further improve the characteristics of mono nanofluids. The exergy efficiency of the SCHE can be increased by 21% using 1.0vol% of nanofluid, but the improvement becomes modest as the volume concentration is increased further. Further to cme's statement, the injection pump for the feed can be alarmed to allow the user know that there may be a system leak. See the follo The present work shows an innovative frame saw machine to cut granite, the eccentric hinge guide mechanism is introduced into the machine. The local Nusselt number was observed to vary axially despite satisfying the criteria for neglecting entrance effects; this variation increased with the Graetz number. A. O. Maselugbo, B. L. Sadiku and J. R. Alston, 0000003035 00000 n However, experimental studies that jointly explore the physical properties of hybrids and the corresponding mono nanofluids are missing. 0000047379 00000 n 0000087536 00000 n It is hygroscopic, meaning that it readily absorbs water from the surrounding environment. New thermal conductivity and viscosity correlations have been developed based on the experimental data. Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA. It has been shown that water is the best solar energy absorbance among four fluids including water, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, Zeta potential is a measure of the electric potential difference between the surface of a particle and the surrounding fluid. 209 0 obj<>stream The formation of carboxyl (COOH) groups on the surface of ND particles was analyzed by FTIR spectrum. All were assigned as low priority for further work. . The carbon impurities present in the UDD powders have been removed using mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3 [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]. Due to its exceptional thermal, mechanical and electrical properties, diamond has attracted attention for use as a nanoparticle in fluids. The heat transfer applications of prepared ND nanofluids in a fully developed laminar flow (Reynolds number, Re<2300) can be evaluated based on the Prasher et al. The reason for the agglomeration of UDD powders in the base fluid is due to the presence of carbon impurities. Glycol soutions are fed (topped-off) buy a pumped glycol feeder available by JL wingert, armstrong, etc Heat exchanger tubes are .035" wall I've ne 108-65-6) Dipropylene Glycol Methyl Ether (DPM; CAS No. They obtained increases of 10.4% and 9.9% for 0.5 vol% concentration of Fe3O4 [14] and 1 vol% concentration of nanodiamonds [15] at 293.15 K, respectively. 0000000918 00000 n Increasing the concentration of the nanofluid beyond 1.0vol% shows a little improvement in the effectiveness of the heat exchanger. It was observed that the position of the thermocouples can result in an under-estimation of the Nusselt number. The UDD powders can be treated with strong acids such as HNO3, mixture of H2SO4/HNO3, K2Cr2O7 in H2SO4, KOH/KNO3 to remove the carbon impurities [3], [4]. 0000086902 00000 n xref WebBNNBs exhibit high thermal conductivity due to efficient phonon transfer and they are electrical insulators owing to their wide bandgap. WebConductivity is a measure of the ability of water to pass an electrical current. Forget about conductivity, it is directly related to temperature and is used in domestic/process water systems (water treatment) where you don't ha 0000017674 00000 n Thus, the new prototype machine is suitable for sawing granite. 0000133274 00000 n This study reports a nanofluid that achieves long-term stability without any additives. Sundar et al. The effect of various factors on the thermal-physical properties of diamond nanofluids is also reviewed, and the stability and viscosity of diamond nanofluids are tabulated and compared. 115-123, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 76, 2016, pp. The article presents the results of detailed studies of the thermal conductivity of the water slurry of microencapsulated PCM (mPCM) and slurry based on waterpropylene glycol solutions. An enhancement of 4.24% in heat transfer rate was observed with 2vol.% ZnOPG nanofluid. For 1.0% vol. Yu et al. Theoretical approach is used to identify the heat transfer benefits of the prepared propylene glycol/water based ND nanofluids in laminar and turbulent flow conditions using the, Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation, Investigations of thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids, Viscosity of alumina nanoparticles dispersed in car engine coolant, Thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol and water mixture based Fe, Experimental determination of thermal conductivity of three nanofluids and development of new correlations, Numerical study of turbulent flow and heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids considering variable properties, Experimental investigation on the thermal transport properties of ethylene glycol based nanofluids containing low volume concentration diamond nanoparticles, Thermal transport properties of diamond-based nanofluids and nanocomposites, Volume fraction and temperature variations of the effective thermal conductivity of nanodiamond fluids in deionized water, Enhanced thermal properties of nanodiamond nanofluids, Increase of nanodiamond crystal size by selective oxidation, Experimental investigation of heat transfer and effectiveness of employing water and ethylene glycol mixture based Fe3O4 nanofluid in a shell and helical coil heat exchanger, Heat transfer and exergy efficiency analysis of 60% water and 40% ethylene glycol mixture diamond nanofluids flow through a shell and helical coil heat exchanger, Laminar convective heat transfer, entropy generation, and exergy efficiency studies on ethylene glycol based nanofluid containing nanodiamond nanoparticles, Experimental and modeling studies of N-doped carbon quantum dot nanofluids for heat transfer systems, Modeling thermal conductivity of nanofluids using advanced correlative approaches: Group method of data handling and gene expression programming, Thermophysical, rheological and electrical properties of mono and hybrid TiB2/B4C nanofluids based on a propylene glycol:water mixture, A new frame saw machine by diamond segmented blade for cutting granite, The significance of scaling effects in a solar absorber plate with micro-channels, Improved transient heat transfer performance of ZnOpropylene glycol nanofluids for energy management, Thermal conductivity and viscosity of water based nanodiamond (ND) nanofluids: An experimental study, Effect of temperature and sonication time on nanofluid thermal conductivity measurements by nano-flash method, Thermo-physical properties of diamond nanofluids: A review. 181-190, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 129, 2019, pp. Under constant heat flux conditions, ZnOPG nanofluids exhibited linear increase in heat removal rates with increasing nanoparticle concentration. Because of the poor electrical conductivity of the -SiC particles compared to the base ethylene glycol and propylene glycols ( p < < bf), case (1) therefore holds accordingly. Xie et al. [27] prepared PG based Al2O3 nanofluids and estimated viscosity experimentally and proposed viscosity model. Chemical treatment was used to make ND nanoparticles with an average size of 5.42nm. 0000060250 00000 n 0 2 shows the IR spectra of UDD powders, acid treated, salt and sucrose milled samples. In this particular system we are using an expansion tank with a bladder, so we don't have a make-up pump. 1000W/mK and Young's modulus, high electrical resistivity, attractive optical characteristics, and excellent chemical stability and biocompatibility. Islam, R.; Shabani, B. 0000087804 00000 n Nanofluids offer many opportunities to enhance the efficiency of thermal systems by improving the thermal properties of the host fluids. Drazen, you seem to have drifted from the original question. The problem is glycol in the condensate which could be fatal to the boiler. We need Corresponding authors, a 5. [14] also used strong acids of H2SO4 and HNO3 in the molar ratio of 3:1 for the purification of UDD powders and prepared 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% ethylene glycol/water mixture based ND nanofluids and estimated both thermal conductivity and viscosity experimentally. Reynolds numbers were in the range 10100 and fluid inlet temperatures ranged from 5 to 40C. Based on the above methods the acid treatment method is more effective compared to other salt and sucrose methods. The hybrid nanofluid presents intermediate values between those of the mono nanofluids for all the properties except dynamic viscosity. The acid treated ND particles were characterized by XRD, TEM, FTIR and XPS. Comparisons with data from literature confirmed the validity and the suitability of the nanoflash technique applied to thermal conductivity evaluation. The thermal conductivity results here reported can be compared with those previously published by Sundar et al. The stable ND nanofluids were prepared by considering 60:40% water+ethylene glycol (weight percentage) mixture as base fluid and the experiments were performed at particle loadings ranging from 0.2% to 1.0% and the Reynolds number ranging from 900 to 4800, respectively. Therefore, there is no literature on the thermal properties of PG/W mixture based ND nanofluids. The earlier works reveals the preparation, estimation of thermal conductivity and viscosity of PG/W mixture based Al2O3, CuO, and Fe3O4 nanofluids. On the other hand preparation of propylene glycol/water (PG/W) based nanofluids and estimation of thermal properties is also important before use in heat transfer equipments, because these PG/W fluids are also used as engine coolants for automobile radiators. WebPropylene Glycol Methyl Ether (PM; CAS No. Scaling effects such as viscous dissipation and entrance effects had insignificant impact on the measured average Nusselt number. Another method for removing the carbon impurities from the UDD powders is with dry salt or dry sucrose [10]. In this study, more than 3200 data of thermal conductivity of nanofluids were collected from literature to develop simple-to-use and accurate correlations for predicting relative thermal conductivity of nanofluids. in a third-party publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) Effects of working temperature on thermo-physical properties and forced convection heat transfer of TiO 2 nanofluids in waterEthylene glycol mixture. In this work, mono B4C and TiB2 and hybrid TiB2:B4C nanoadditives are used for the first time to design nanofluids based on propylene glycol:water 20:80wt%. Namburu et al. [30] also prepared 20:80%, 40:60% PG/W based Fe3O4 nanofluids and estimated thermal conductivity and viscosity experimentally. Using propylene glycol (PG) without any dispersants as a salt-free medium, we measure the electrical conductivities of 20, 40, and 60 nm diameter ZnO nanoparticle dispersions up to 7% volume fraction, applying Ohshima's model to determine the limiting ionic conductance of the system. Nanofluid preparation and characterization Nanofluid preparation

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