thalassemia minor and covid immunity

Beta thalassemia. When looking into thalassemia and COVID-19 risk, it's important to identify both the risk of potential exposure and susceptibility. There are some theories on why there could be a link: Your red blood cells are covered with molecules that are known as antigens, Thomas Russo, MD, professor and chief of infectious disease at the University at Buffalo, told Health. 2020;60(12):3046-3054.doi:10.1111/trf.16056, d'argon A, Putri MG, Savitri Y, Alfaidin AMR. Prevalence and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in transfusion dependent and non-transfusion dependent -thalassemia patients and effects of associated comorbidities: an Iranian nationwide study. 2020;15(1):265.doi:10.1186/s13023-020-01543-0, Piga A, Perrotta S, Gamberini MR, et al. Other types of thalassemia cause more severe symptoms that can be found earlier in life, usually before a child is . The causal virus behind this disease, SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), conceivably attacks the . They may not live a normal lifespan. Treatment may include regular blood transfusions. SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with -thalassemia: The French experience. Symptoms of moderate anemia may include: Beta thalassemia is caused by a genetic mutation inherited from one or both of your parents. States with religious and philosophical exemptions from school immunization requirements. World Health Organization (WHO) . People with beta thalassemia may be at a higher risk of developing severe disease or death, but studies are conflicting at this time. People with certain medical conditions. If you have concerns, speak with a doctor or healthcare professional about your individual risks. Learn more about COVID-19 vaccination for people with beta-thalassemia or . (2022). Thalassemia is a genetic blood disorder caused by an inherited mutation in your HBB gene. It's also helpful to know your blood typespecifically the Rh factorduring pregnancy, so your doctor can troubleshoot if the unborn baby has a different Rh factor. 2023 Jan 1;15(1):e2023007. People with thalassemia often experience similar COVID-19 complications as those without thalassemia, but they may be at greater risk for certain problems. At this time, scientists are just beginning to learn how a diagnosis of thalassemia may affect the risk of COVID-19, potential complications, and how the pandemic may affect treatment, but preliminary research has revealed some trends. COVID vaccine & autoimmune disease FAQ. In a webinar designed to guide physicians in the care of hematology patients during the COVID-19 pandemic, three world experts on thalassemia and sickle cell disease (SCD) provided on-the-ground information from physicians who were . Clinical guidance on COVID-19 vaccines for people with thalassemia. One small study found that people with the thalassemia trait (carriers) were less likely to develop a COVID-19 infection or die from the disease. Blood. eCollection 2022. Orphanet J Rare Dis. One study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) in April of 2021, reviewed nearly 108,000 COVID-19 cases. People with beta thalassemia may be at a higher risk of developing severe disease or death, but studies are . What Are the Symptoms of Antiphospholipid Syndrome? Lansiaux E, et al. This may cause you to experience mild anemia. Objectives: Many patients with haemoglobinopathies, including thalassaemia and sickle cell disease, are at increased risk of developing severe complications from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Some people with thalassemia have cardiomyopathy (heart muscle disease). may help support the immune system's ability to fight infections. Sotiriou S, et al. Beta thalassemia minor and SARS-CoV-2, prevalence, severity, morbidity and mortality: A systematic review study. For people living with thalassemia, because too much iron may build up in the blood, foods high in iron may need to be limited. EHA and TIF Explore How COVID-19 Is Affecting Thalassemia and SCD Patients. The allergy can develop after a, This inherited blood disorder usually requires vitamin supplement. In order to better describe the frequency and manifestations of COVID-19 in thalassemia patients living in France, we report the cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection that occurred during the year 2020. Orphanet J Rare Dis. Am J Hematol. Still, you can pass on the disease to your child. Experts estimate 1.5% of the worlds population to be carriers. For the latest on COVID-19, visit our coronavirus news page. A person with beta thalassemia minor . Regardless of if a specific blood type is associated with a greater risk of contracting COVID-19 and developing severe disease, keep in mind that many other factors, such as age or existing health conditions, are likely to play a larger, dominant role in determining personal risk from COVID-19. Most cases are caused by a mutation in the HBB gene. Recessive means that you need two copies of the faulty gene to have the disease. rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/thalassemia-major/, bccdc.ca/Health-Info-Site/Documents/COVID-19_vaccine/Thalassemia_Clinical_Guidance.pdf, heart.org/en/beyond-the-table/stories/covid-19-vaccine-is-high-priority-for-cardiac-patients, autoimmuneinstitute.org/vaccine-autoimmune-disease-faq/, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8811850/, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7321655/, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8247188/, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9016533/, medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.25.22278009v1.full, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8397014/, ncsl.org/research/health/school-immunization-exemption-state-laws.aspx, cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/downloads/summary-interim-clinical-considerations.pdf, cdc.gov/ncbddd/thalassemia/treatment.html, cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/clinical-considerations/interim-considerations-us.html, Everything You Need to Know About Thalassemia, Will COVID-19 Vaccines Give Lifelong Immunity to the Disease? These medications bind to iron so that it can be expelled from the body. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Getting a COVID-19 vaccine can help people with beta thalassemia prevent severe disease and death. 2020;95(8):E208-E210. 2020;40(4):587-601.doi:10.1016/j.cll.2020.08.013, Hossain MS, Raheem E, Siddidqee MH. Bookshelf Vaccination can help prevent COVID-19 infection and prevent severe illness if you do. This complication should be monitored and treated as it is for people with other forms of preexisting heart disease. People with the intermedia or major forms of the disease have HBB mutations from both parents. The pandemic has been hard on everyone, especially those with chronic illnesses. It can cause life threatening heart conditions, such as stroke. Beta-thalassemia is widespread in the world but is a rare disease in France with an estimated prevalence of 12 per 1,000,000 for severe forms. Who's at Risk for Long COVID? People with severe forms of beta thalassemia may be at a higher risk of developing severe illness than people in the general population if theyre infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19. What are the symptoms of beta thalassemia? If youre a silent carrier or have thalassemia minor, youre unlikely to need typical thalassemia treatments, like blood transfusions or iron therapy. It causes your body to produce a lower-than-normal amount of hemoglobin, the part of your red blood cells that carries oxygen. doi:10.23750/abm.v91i3.10155, De Sanctis VD, Canatan D, Corrons JLV, et al. If you have one unaffected gene, it mostly overrides the faulty gene. Differences in how people have reacted to COVID-19and whyhave occupied researchers throughout the pandemic. -. Sadly, the reduction in the blood supply has led many people with thalassemia to receive fewer transfusions than usual, prompting healthcare providers caring for people with the condition to look for options that may reduce the need for or frequency of transfusions. (Source: File Photo) For almost a week now, Delhi resident Komal Mehta has been making frantic calls for O-negative blood for her 16-year-old son, a thalassemia major, who requires a blood transfusion every 21 days.While his blood transfusion of two units was to take place on March 13, Mehta has not been able to . An official website of the United States government. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Some studies estimate the worldwide prevalence of alpha-thalassemia trait to be as high as 5%. About 1.5% of the worlds population carry HBB mutations that cause beta thalassemia. Learn what having thalassemia may mean for you during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hemoglobin is the component of red blood cells that carries oxygen to the tissues of the body. But you can still pass down the affected gene to future generations. COVID-19 vaccine is high priority for cardiac patients. This condition can cause abrupt changes in blood pressure or heart rate that may worsen a person's condition during a COVID-19 infection. Splenectomy: When a person has a spleen removed for thalassemia, they are more likely to develop a secondary bacterial infection . People with thalassemia trait dont usually have symptoms. Thats because two genes, HBA1 and HBA2, are responsible for making hemoglobin alpha. Hemoglobin is the iron-containing part of your red blood cells that allows them to carry oxygen throughout your body. At the current time, this is primarily an academic theory. The one gene defect, beta thalassemia trait (minor), is asymptomatic and results in microcytosis and mild anemia. The dosages and timing, however, should be carefully discussed with your healthcare before starting any supplement. Colorized scanning electron micrograph of a cell, isolated from a . Sotiriou S, et al. The study from Iran found that having a diagnosis of thalassemia was associated with poorer outcomes, particularly for people who have complications of thalassemia. People with thalassemia should assume that they are as likely to become infected as the general population and are more likely to have severe outcomes. Examples of coexisting conditions included insulin-dependent diabetes, heart disease, pulmonary hypertension, kidney disease, osteoporosis, hepatitis C, liver disease, and asthma. Although epidemiologic evidence concerning the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection in these patients is currently lacking, the COVID-19 pandemic represents a significant challenge for haemoglobinopathy patients, their families and their attending physicians. The Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines use mRNA technology. Should you get a COVID vaccine if you have beta thalassemia? This means you have lower levels of hemoglobin, which could result in mild anemia. People having hematological disorders and hypercoagulability state need extra precautions because of the increased risk of thrombosis after COVID-19 vaccination. Current recommendations for those in the United States is that iron chelation therapy be continued unless symptoms of COVID-19 develop. People with thalassaemia produce either no or too little haemoglobin, which is used by red blood cells to carry oxygen around the body. We avoid using tertiary references. The vaccines cannot give you COVID-19. If the mutation affects two genes, you have alpha-thalassemia minor. All rights reserved. Anemia can affect your weight, whether due to its impact on your appetite and activity levels or its underlying cause. Within each of these types, the severity varies, from causing moderate to severe anemia to requiring frequent blood transfusions. (2020). They also may have antiviral effects and positive effects on the immune system, particularly with RNA viruses (viruses that have RNA as its genetic material, such as the virus causing COVID-19). Blood tests can also be used for . Newborn screening practices and alpha-thalassemia detection United States, 2016. A simple blood test could let a doctor know if you have alpha- or beta-thalassemia minor. Methods: (2014). Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! What to Know About Thalassemia and COVID-19. Yes, you can have the trait for both alpha- and beta-thalassemia. Alpha thalassemia. doi:10.2144/fsoa-2020-0110, Papadopoulos KI, Sutheesophon W, Manipalviratn S, Aw TC. (2021). Prevention measures are very important. There are four types of alpha thalassemia, and two main types of beta thalassemia. Disclaimer. Learn more about COVID-19 vaccination for people with beta-thalassemia or beta-thalassemia trait. Li J, et al. If you have a family history of thalassemia, you may want to know whether you carry the trait. (2021). Researchers found inconsistent findings but did identify certain trends suggesting that blood type A might predispose one to increased susceptibility to infection with SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19), or that type O and Rh-negative blood groups might be protective. Still, the study authors wrote, "the impact of blood type on clinical outcomes remains unclear. That means getting vaccinated and boosted, social distancing, wearing a mask in public, and washing your hands regularly, among other things. Beta thalassemia. Exemptions may be granted for people with severe allergies to COVID-19 vaccines or any of their components. -Thalassemia is the most prevalent single gene blood disorder, while the assessment of its susceptibility to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) warrants it a pressing biomedical priority. government site. Learn more. Blood clots are fairly common with COVID-19, and many physicians view it as a disease of blood vessels. For adults who are immunocompromised, the CDC recommends: People with thalassemia were excluded from COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, so its unclear if vaccines are as effective for people with thalassemia as the general population. And while some people develop more severe forms of COVID-19, others develop mild or no symptoms. marion.cook@wanadoo.fr. "We all recognize that we're not the same, but we have not been able, on a genetic basis, very often, to determine whether certain people with certain genes are more or less susceptible to get an infection if they're exposed to a germ," said William Schaffner, MD, an infectious disease specialist, and professor at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. I declare no competing interests. 2023 Feb 9;10:1056599. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1056599. (Note: The overall mortality rate for COVID-19 is currently less than 1%.). While the link between blood type and COVID-19 risk is still unclear, it's important to note that there have been links between blood type and diseases in the past. For those who have not yet started the medication, delaying the use of the medication should be considered. Comparing serum ferritin levels during COVID-19 infection and recovery period in pediatric patients with transfusion-dependent thalassemia, a single-center study. The ways that a healthcare provider diagnoses thalassemia depends on the type of thalassemia you have. As new research becomes available, well update this article. "People with type O blood may be more susceptible to norovirus," said infectious disease expert Amesh A. Adalja, MD, senior scholar at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Vulnerability of -thalassemia heterozygotes to COVID-19: Results from a cohort study. Al-Shamsi HO, Alhazzani W, Alhuraiji A, Coomes EA, Chemaly RF, Almuhanna M, Wolff RA, Ibrahim NK, Chua MLK, Hotte SJ, Meyers BM, Elfiki T, Curigliano G, Eng C, Grothey A, Xie C. Oncologist. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. It causes anemia. Epidemiological Surveillance of SARSCov2 in -Thalassemia Patients in the Last Two Years: Reinfection Rate, Insights and Future Challenges. ; 3 Hemoglobinopathies and Congenital Anemia Center, Ospedale Galliera, Genoa, Italy. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) lists risk factors that have been identified for developing severe COVID-19, and blood type does not appear. The first study, conducted by . But again, experts say it's too early to know for sure. EHA and TIF explore how COVID-19 is affecting thalassemia and SCD patients. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder that causes you not to make enough hemoglobin, a protein in your blood. An exception is for people who have already begun the conditioning process for a stem-cell transplant. Thalassemia Benefits. A 2022 study found that people with beta-thalassemia trait were also at increased risk of severe illness from COVID-19. Published 2020 Sep 7. doi:10.23750/abm.v91i3.10063. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Strategies to enhance information sharing, Strategies to enhance information sharing between healthcare professionals and patients and their families, Patient pathways during the pandemic: general pathway (left panel) and transfusiondependent patient pathway, A proposed algorithm for the diagnosis of COVID19 in patients with haemoglobinopathies [Colour, MeSH Read our, Risk of Severe Outcomes From COVID-19 for People With Thalassemia, Complications of Thalassemia and COVID-19, People Who Have Had a Splenectomy and Transplant Recipients. Thalassemia is a hereditary disorder that affects the production of hemoglobin. fatalities for sickle cell anaemia carriers and for -thalassaemia carriers. A Practical Approach to the Management of Cancer Patients During the Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: An International Collaborative Group. (2022). In spite of those terrible limits, this systematic-review meta-analysis opens the way to the confirmation of a possible protection/immunity of beta-thalassemia carriers against COVID-19 concerning incidence and ICU admission markers [7,8]. According to the CDC, people shouldnt get vaccinated if they have had a severe allergic reaction to a previous dose of a COVID-19 vaccine. 2020;105(4):378-386.doi:10.1111/ejh.13476, Yadav U, Pal R. Challenging Times for Children With Transfusion-dependent Thalassemia Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic. Beta-Thalassemia Minor and SARS-CoV-2: Physiopathology, Prevalence, Severity, Morbidity, and Mortality. However, the results have been inconsistent and so the connection between COVID-19 and different blood types still isn't clear. By. Luspatercept improves hemoglobin levels and blood transfusion requirements in a study of patients with -thalassemia. If the synthesis from both genes is severely reduced or absent, the person has . National Library of Medicine Keywords: Anecdotal reports are surfacing that some people are developing tinnitus days after receiving one of the COVID vaccines. It's not known whether this therapy has any effect on the outcomes of COVID-19 in people with thalassemia. ; 2 Department of Internal Medicine, UOC Medicina Generale, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. Treatment is with corticosteroids. Its also the only way to tell if youre a silent carrier. "We still do not understand all the factors at play," said Anupama Nehra, MD, an assistant professor at the Rutgers New Jersey Medical School and clinical director of hematology-oncology at Rutgers Cancer Institute at University Hospital. 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